Selenium

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Selenium

Selenium is an essential trace mineral.

What Are "Star" Ratings?

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Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support.

Our proprietary “Star-Rating” system was developed to help you easily understand the amount of scientific support behind each supplement in relation to a specific health condition. While there is no way to predict whether a vitamin, mineral, or herb will successfully treat or prevent associated health conditions, our unique ratings tell you how well these supplements are understood by the medical community, and whether studies have found them to be effective for other people.

For over a decade, our team has combed through thousands of research articles published in reputable journals. To help you make educated decisions, and to better understand controversial or confusing supplements, our medical experts have digested the science into these three easy-to-follow ratings. We hope this provides you with a helpful resource to make informed decisions towards your health and well-being.

Selenium has been used in connection with the following health conditions:

Used for	Amount	Why
Asthma	100 mcg daily	[2 stars] Asthma involves free-radical damage that selenium might protect against. In one trial, supplementing with sodium selenite (a form of selenium) improved symptoms in some patients. Learn More
Close Asthma 100 mcg daily People with low levels of selenium have a high risk of asthma.¹^{, 2}^{, 3}^{, 4}^{, 5} Asthma involves free-radical damage⁶ that selenium might protect against. In a small double-blind trial, supplementation with 100 mcg of sodium selenite (a form of selenium) per day for 14 weeks resulted in clinical improvement in six of eleven patients, compared with only one of ten in the placebo group.⁷ Most doctors recommend 200 mcg per day for adults (and proportionately less for children)—a much higher, though still safe, level. Learn More
Atherosclerosis	100 mcg daily	[2 stars] Some doctors recommend that people with atherosclerosis supplement with selenium, which has been shown in one study to help reduce the risk of death from heart disease. Learn More
Close Atherosclerosis 100 mcg daily In some studies, people who consumed more selenium in their diet had a lower risk of heart disease.⁸^{, 9} In one double-blind report, people who had already had one heart attack were given 100 mcg of selenium per day or placebo for six months.¹⁰ At the end of the trial, there were four deaths from heart disease in the placebo group but none in the selenium group; however, the number of people was too small for this difference to be statistically significant. Some doctors recommend that people with atherosclerosis supplement with 100–200 mcg of selenium per day. Learn More
Colon Cancer	200 mcg daily	[2 stars] Selenium appears to protect against a variety of cancers, including colon cancer. Learn More
Close Colon Cancer 200 mcg daily Selenium has been reported to have diverse anticancer actions.¹²^{, 13} Selenium inhibits cancer in animals.¹⁴ Low soil levels of selenium, probably associated with low dietary intake, have been associated with increased cancer incidence in humans.¹⁵ Blood levels of selenium have been reported to be low in patients with a variety of cancers,¹⁶^{, 17}^{, 18}^{, 19}^{, 20}^{, 21}^{, 22}^{, 23} including colon cancer.²⁴ In preliminary reports, people with the lowest blood levels of selenium had between 3.8 and 5.8 times the risk of dying from cancer compared with those who had the highest selenium levels.²⁵^{, 26} The strongest evidence supporting the anticancer effects of selenium supplementation comes from a double-blind trial of 1,312 Americans with a history of skin cancer who were treated with 200 mcg of yeast-based selenium per day or placebo for 4.5 years, then followed for an additional two years.²⁷ Although no decrease in skin cancers occurred, a dramatic 50% reduction in overall cancer deaths and a 37% reduction in total cancer incidence were observed. A statistically significant 58% decrease in cancers of the colon and rectum was reported. Little is known about the effects of selenium in the treatment of people with existing cancer. Selenium supplementation was reported to improve immune function in colon cancer patients,²⁸ but no long-term follow-up was done to evaluate whether these patients ultimately lived longer or fared better. In the double-blind study cited above,²⁹ the large reduction in cancer deaths found in such a short period of time (6.5 years) suggests that these researchers may have been successfully, though unknowingly, treating some people with undiagnosed cancer. However, this speculation has yet to be proven. Learn More
Depression	100 mcg per day	[2 stars] Selenium deficiency may contribute to depression. Taking selenium can counteract this deficiency and improve depression symptoms. Learn More
Close Depression 100 mcg per day Less than optimal intake of selenium may have adverse effects on psychological function, even in the absence of signs of frank selenium deficiency. In a preliminary trial of healthy young men, consumption of a high-selenium diet (226.5 mcg selenium per day) was associated with improved mood (i.e., decreased confusion, depression, anxiety, and uncertainty), compared to consumption of a low-selenium diet (62.6 mcg selenium per day.)³⁰ In a double-blind trial, people who had a low selenium intake experienced greater improvement in depression symptoms after selenium supplementation (100 mcg per day) than did people with adequate selenium intake, suggesting that low-level selenium deficiency may contribute to depression.³¹ Learn More
Dermatitis Herpetiformis	200 mcg daily	[2 stars] Supplementing with selenium and vitamin E has been shown to correct an antioxidant deficiency common in DH. Learn More
Close Dermatitis Herpetiformis 200 mcg daily A deficiency in the selenium-containing antioxidant enzyme known as glutathione peroxidase has been reported in DH.³²^{, 33} Preliminary³⁴ and double-blind³⁵ trials suggest that supplementation with 10 IU of vitamin E and 200 mcg of selenium per day for six to eight weeks corrected this deficiency but did not lead to symptom improvement in the double-blind trial. Learn More
Edema	230 mcg daily	[2 stars] People with lymphedema of the arm or head-and-neck region who were treated with selenium saw an improvement in quality of life and edema symptoms in one study. Learn More
Close Edema 230 mcg daily In a preliminary study, individuals with lymphedema of the arm or head-and-neck region were treated with approximately 230 mcg of selenium per day, in the form of sodium selenite, for four to six weeks. A quality-of-life assessment showed an improvement of 59%, and the circumference of the edematous arm was reduced in 10 of 12 cases.³⁶ Learn More
Heart Attack	100 to 200 mcg daily	[2 stars] Some doctors recommend that people at risk for a heart attack supplement with selenium. Learn More
Close Heart Attack 100 to 200 mcg daily The relation between selenium and protection from heart attacks remains uncertain. Low blood levels of selenium have been reported in people immediately following a heart attack,³⁷ suggesting that heart attacks may increase the need for selenium. However, other researchers claim that low selenium levels are present in people before they have a heart attack, suggesting that the lack of selenium might increase heart attack risk.³⁸ One report found that low blood levels of selenium increased the risk of heart attack only in smokers,³⁹ and another found the link only in former smokers.⁴⁰ Yet others have found no link between low blood levels of selenium and heart attack risk whatsoever.⁴¹ In a double-blind trial, individuals who already had one heart attack were given 100 mcg of selenium per day or placebo for six months.⁴² At the end of the trial, there were four deaths from heart disease in the placebo group but none in the selenium group (although the numbers were too small for this difference to be statistically significant). In other controlled research, a similar group was given placebo or 500 mcg of selenium six hours or less after a heart attack followed by an ongoing regimen of 100 mcg of selenium plus 100 mg of coenzyme Q10 per day.⁴³ One year later, six people had died from a repeat heart attack in the placebo group, compared with no heart attack deaths in the supplement group. Despite the lack of consistency in published research, some doctors recommend that people at risk for a heart attack supplement with selenium—most commonly 200 mcg per day. Learn More
HIV and AIDS Support	Take under medical supervision: 400 mcg daily	[2 stars] Supplementing with selenium may result in fewer infections, a healthier appetite, and other benefits. Learn More
Close HIV and AIDS Support Take under medical supervision: 400 mcg daily Selenium deficiency is an independent factor associated with high mortality among HIV-positive people.⁴⁴ HIV-positive people who took selenium supplements experienced fewer infections, better intestinal function, improved appetite, and improved heart function (which had been impaired by the disease) than those who did not take the supplements.⁴⁵ The usual amount of selenium taken was 400 mcg per day. Selenium deficiency has been found more often in people with HIV-related cardiomyopathy (heart abnormalities) than in those with HIV and normal heart function.⁴⁶ People with HIV-related cardiomyopathy may benefit from selenium supplementation. In a small preliminary trial, people with AIDS and cardiomyopathy, 80% of whom were found to be deficient in selenium, were given 800 mcg of selenium per day for 15 days, followed by 400 mcg per day for eight days. Improvements in heart function were noted after selenium supplementation.⁴⁷ People wishing to supplement with more than 200 mcg of selenium per day should be monitored by a doctor. Learn More
Immune Function and Elderly People	100 mcg daily with 20 mg zinc daily	[2 stars] Selenium supplements have been reported to help improve immune function in seniors. Learn More
Close Immune Function and Elderly People 100 mcg daily with 20 mg zinc daily Most,⁴⁸^{, 49} but not all,⁵⁰ double-blind studies have shown that elderly people have better immune function and reduced infection rates when taking a multiple vitamin-mineral formula. In one double-blind trial, supplements of 100 mcg per day of selenium and 20 mg per day of zinc, with or without additional vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene, reduced infections in elderly people, though vitamins without minerals had no effect.⁵¹ Burn victims have also experienced fewer infections after receiving trace mineral supplements in double-blind research.⁵² These studies suggest that trace minerals may be the most important micronutrients for enhancing immunity and preventing infections in the elderly.
Infection and Elderly People	100 mcg per day with 20 mg per day of zinc	[2 stars] Selenium supplements have been reported to help reduce infections in elderly people. Learn More
Close Infection and Elderly People 100 mcg per day with 20 mg per day of zinc Most,⁵³^{, 54} but not all,⁵⁵ double-blind studies have shown that elderly people have better immune function and reduced infection rates when taking a multiple vitamin-mineral formula. In one double-blind trial, supplements of 100 mcg per day of selenium and 20 mg per day of zinc, with or without additional vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene, reduced infections in elderly people, though vitamins without minerals had no effect.⁵⁶ Burn victims have also experienced fewer infections after receiving trace mineral supplements in double-blind research.⁵⁷ These studies suggest that trace minerals may be the most important micronutrients for enhancing immunity and preventing infections in the elderly.
Infections in Very Low Birth Weight Infants	5 to 7 mcg per 2.2 lbs (1 kg) of body weight	[2 stars] Premature infants with very low birth weight have an increased susceptibility to infections. In one trial, selenium supplements appeared to reduce hospital-acquired infections. Learn More
Close Infections in Very Low Birth Weight Infants 5 to 7 mcg per 2.2 lbs (1 kg) of body weight Premature infants with very low birth weight have an increased susceptibility to infections. In a double-blind trial, premature infants were given either selenium supplements (5 to 7 mcg per 2.2 pounds of body weight) or placebo. Those receiving the selenium supplements had fewer hospital-acquired infections.⁵⁸
Lung Cancer	200 mcg daily	[2 stars] Selenium, reported to have diverse anticancer actions, has been shown in one study to reduce lung cancer deaths and lung cancer incidence. Learn More
Close Lung Cancer 200 mcg daily Selenium has been reported to have diverse anticancer actions.⁵⁹^{, 60} Selenium inhibits cancer growth in animals.⁶¹ Low soil levels of selenium (probably associated with low dietary intake), have been associated with increased cancer incidence in humans.⁶² Blood levels of selenium have been reported to be low in patients with many cancers,⁶³^{, 64}^{, 65}^{, 66}^{, 67}^{, 68}^{, 69}^{, 70} including lung cancer.⁷¹ In preliminary reports, people with the lowest blood levels of selenium had between 3.8 and 5.8 times the risk of dying from cancer compared with those who had the highest selenium levels.⁷²^{, 73} The strongest evidence supporting the anticancer effects of selenium supplementation comes from a double-blind trial of 1,312 Americans with a history of skin cancer who were treated with 200 mcg of yeast-based selenium per day or a placebo for 4.5 years and then followed for an additional two years.⁷⁴ Although no decrease in skin cancers occurred, a 50% reduction in overall cancer deaths and a 37% reduction in total cancer incidence was observed. A 46% decrease in lung cancer incidence and a 53% drop in deaths from lung cancer also occurred. These findings were all statistically significant. Learn More
Male Infertility	100 mcg daily	[2 stars] In a study of infertile men with reduced sperm motility, supplementing with selenium significantly increased sperm motility. Learn More
Close Male Infertility 100 mcg daily In a double-blind study of infertile men with reduced sperm motility, supplementation with selenium (100 mcg per day for three months) significantly increased sperm motility, but had no effect on sperm count. Eleven percent of 46 men receiving selenium achieved paternity, compared with none of 18 men receiving a placebo.⁷⁵ Learn More
Osgood-Schlatter Disease	150 mcg a day with 400 IU a day of vitamin E	[2 stars] Taking a combination of vitamin E and selenium may help the healing. Learn More
Close Osgood-Schlatter Disease 150 mcg a day with 400 IU a day of vitamin E Based on the personal experience of a doctor who reported his findings,⁷⁶ some physicians recommend vitamin E (400 IU per day) and selenium (50 mcg three times per day). One well-known, nutritionally oriented doctor reports anecdotally that he has had considerable success with this regimen and often sees results in two to six weeks.⁷⁷ Learn More
Pancreatic Insufficiency	600 mcg, taken under the supervision of a doctor	[2 stars] Taking antioxidant supplements, such as selenium, may lessen pain and prevent pancreatitis recurrences. Learn More
Phenylketonuria and Selenium Deficiency	Adolescents and adults: 55 mcg daily; for infants and children: 15 to 40 mcg daily, according to age	[2 stars] Selenium deficiency may develop on the PKU diet, and supplementation may help correct this. Learn More
Close Phenylketonuria and Selenium Deficiency Adolescents and adults: 55 mcg daily; for infants and children: 15 to 40 mcg daily, according to age People with PKU may be deficient in several nutrients, due to the restricted diet which is low in protein and animal fat. Deficiencies of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs),⁷⁸^{, 79}^{, 80}selenium,⁸¹^{, 82}^{, 83}^{, 84}vitamin B12,⁸⁵ and vitamin K may develop on this diet.⁸⁶ Selenium is important for normal antioxidant function. Research suggests that selenium deficiency and decreased antioxidant activity may contribute to the brain and nerve disorders associated with PKU.⁸⁷ In two preliminary studies involving selenium-deficient people with PKU, supplementation with selenium in the form of sodium selenite corrected the deficiency,⁸⁸ whereas supplementation with selenium in the form of selenomethionine did not.⁸⁹
Prostate Cancer	200 mcg daily	[2 stars] Selenium has been reported to have diverse anticancer actions. Supplementing with this mineral may decrease your prostate cancer risk. Learn More
Close Prostate Cancer 200 mcg daily Selenium has been reported to have diverse anticancer actions.⁹⁰^{, 91} Selenium inhibits cancer in animals.⁹² Low soil levels of selenium (probably associated with low dietary intake), have been associated with increased cancer incidence in humans.⁹³ Blood levels of selenium have been reported to be low in patients with prostate cancer.⁹⁴ In preliminary reports, people with the lowest blood levels of selenium had between 3.8 and 5.8 times the risk of dying from cancer compared with those who had the highest selenium levels.⁹⁵^{, 96} The strongest evidence supporting the anticancer effects of selenium supplementation comes from a double-blind trial of 1,312 Americans with a history of skin cancer who were treated with 200 mcg of yeast-based selenium per day or placebo for 4.5 years and then followed for an additional two years.⁹⁷ Although no decrease in skin cancers occurred, a dramatic 50% reduction in overall cancer deaths and a 37% reduction in total cancer incidence were observed. A statistically significant 63% decrease in prostate cancer incidence was reported.⁹⁸ However, in a follow-up double-blind trial that included 35,533 healthy men, supplementing with 200 mcg per day of selenium for an average of 5.5 years had no effect on the incidence of prostate cancer.⁹⁹ In another trial, 5,141 men were randomly assigned to receive a placebo or a daily supplement containing 100 mcg of selenium, 120 mg of vitamin C, 30 IU of vitamin E, 6 mg of beta-carotene, and 20 mg of zinc 20 for eight years. Among men with a normal PSA level at the start of the study, there was a statistically significant 48% reduction in the incidence of prostate cancer. Among men with an initially elevated PSA level, the supplemented group had an increased incidence of prostate cancer that was not statistically significant.¹⁰⁰ In a double-blind study of men who already had non-metastatic prostate cancer, supplementation with selenium 200 or 800 mcg per day for up to 5 years had no significant effect on the progression rate of the cancer.¹⁰¹ Learn More
Rheumatoid Arthritis	200 mcg daily	[2 stars] People with rheumatoid arthritis have been found to have lower selenium levels than healthy people. Supplementing with selenium may reduce pain and joint inflammation. Learn More
Close Rheumatoid Arthritis 200 mcg daily People with RA have been found to have lower selenium levels than healthy people.¹⁰²^{, 103} One¹⁰⁴ of two double-blind trials using at least 200 mcg of selenium per day for three to six months found that selenium supplementation led to a significant reduction in pain and joint inflammation in RA patients, but the other reported no beneficial effect.¹⁰⁵ More controlled trials are needed to determine whether selenium reduces symptoms in people with RA. Learn More
Abnormal Pap Smear	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] Low levels of selenium have been observed in women with cervical dysplasia. Learn More
Close Abnormal Pap Smear Low levels of selenium¹⁰⁶ and low dietary intake of vitamin C¹⁰⁷^{, 108} have been observed in women with cervical dysplasia. Learn More
Asthma (Vitamin C, Vitamin E)	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] There is some evidence that a combination of antioxidants vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium may help prevent asthma throught to be caused by air pollution. Learn More
Close Asthma There is some evidence that combinations of antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium may help improve symptoms of asthma throught to be caused by air pollution.¹⁰⁹ In one double-blind study, 46 Dutch bicyclists were randomly assigned to receive a placebo or 100 mg of vitamin E and 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 15 weeks.¹¹⁰ Lung function was measured before and after each training session on 380 different occasions, and ambient ozone concentrations were measured during each training session. After analysis, researchers concluded that bicyclists with the vitamins C and E blunted the adverse effects of ozone on measures of lung function. In another double-blind study, 17 adults (18 to 39 years old) were randomly assigned to receive either 400 IU per day of vitamin E and 500 mg per day of vitamin C or a placebo for five weeks.¹¹¹ Tests showing improved measures of lung function led researchers to conclude that supplementation with vitamins C and E inhibited the decline in pulmonary function induced in asthmatics by exposure to air pollutants. Also using a double-blind design, another study of 158 children with asthma living in Mexico City were randomly assigned to receive, a daily supplement containing 50 mg of vitamin E and 250 mg of vitamin C or a placebo.¹¹² Tests results suggested that supplementing with vitamins C and E may reduce the adverse effect of ozone exposure on lung function of children with moderate to severe asthma. Learn More
Cardiac Arrhythmia	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] Supplementing with selenium may improve many arrhythmias. Learn More
Close Cardiac Arrhythmia Gross deficiency of dietary selenium may cause many heart problems, including arrhythmia. Based on this finding, one author has theorized that correction of low selenium status may improve many arrhythmias, even in the absence of overt deficiency symptoms.¹¹³ Controlled research is needed to evaluate this possibility. Learn More
Cardiomyopathy and Keshan's Cardiomyopathy	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] Supplementing with selenium can correct selenium deficiency, which is believed to be a cause of Keshan’s disease, a form of cardiomyopathy found in China. Learn More
Close Cardiomyopathy and Keshan's Cardiomyopathy Selenium deficiency has occasionally been reported as a cause of cardiomyopathy.¹¹⁴^{, 115} Selenium deficiency is the probable cause of Keshan’s disease, a form of cardiomyopathy found in China¹¹⁶^{, 117} but only rarely reported in the United States.¹¹⁸ Studies comparing populations in parts of the world other than mainland China have not supported a link between selenium deficiency and DCM,¹¹⁹^{, 120} except in Taiwan.¹²¹ Moreover, no clinical trials outside of China have explored the effects of supplementation with selenium for people with DCM, nor is there reason to believe that selenium supplementation would help most people outside of China and Taiwan suffering from cardiomyopathy.
Childhood Diseases	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] Supplementing with selenium, an antioxidant mineral, supports a healthy immune system and has been found to prevent viral infections. Learn More
Close Childhood Diseases Selenium is a mineral known to have antioxidant properties and to be involved in healthy immune system activity. Recent animal and human research suggests that selenium deficiency increases the risk of viral infection and that supplementation prevents viral infection.¹²²^{, 123}^{, 124}^{, 125}^{, 126} In a controlled trial, children with a specific viral infection (respiratory syncytial virus) who received a single supplement of 1 mg (1,000 mcg) of sodium selenite (a form of selenium) recovered more quickly than children who did not receive selenium.¹²⁷ While it is possible that childhood exanthemous viral infections might similarly be more severe in selenium-deficient children and helped through supplementation, none of the current research involves these specific viruses. Learn More
Down’s Syndrome	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] People with Down’s syndrome may be deficient in selenium. A preliminary study found that antioxidant activity in the body improved when children with Down’s syndrome took selenium. Learn More
Close Down’s Syndrome Blood levels of the antioxidant minerals selenium and zinc were normal in one study of people with Down’s syndrome,¹²⁸ but others have found selenium¹²⁹^{, 130} and zinc¹³¹^{, 132}^{, 133} levels to be low. In some studies more than 60% of patients with Down’s syndrome had low zinc levels.¹³⁴^{, 135} A preliminary study of selenium supplementation in children with Down’s syndrome found that the antioxidant activity in the body improved; however, the implications of this finding on the long-term health of these people is unclear.¹³⁶ Zinc is critical for proper immune function, and in one preliminary study the majority of patients with Down’s syndrome examined had low zinc levels and low immune cell activity. Supplementation with zinc resulted in improved immune cell activity.¹³⁷ In preliminary intervention trials, improved immune cell activity was associated with reduced rates of infection in Down’s syndrome patients given supplemental zinc in the amount of 1 mg per 2.2 pounds of body weight per day.¹³⁸^{, 139} A controlled trial, however, did not find zinc, at 25 mg daily for children under 10 years of age and 50 mg for older children, to have these benefits.¹⁴⁰ Zinc has other roles in the body; preliminary data have indicated that zinc supplementation, at 1 mg per 2.2 pounds of body weight per day, improved thyroid function in Down’s syndrome patients,¹⁴¹^{, 142}^{, 143} and increased growth rate in children with Down’s syndrome.¹⁴⁴ Learn More
Halitosis and Gum Disease	Spray a lotion containing 3.7% citronella in a slow-release formula every morning for six days per week	[1 star] Selenium is often recommended by doctors to help prevent and treat periodontitis. Learn More
Close Halitosis and Gum Disease Spray a lotion containing 3.7% citronella in a slow-release formula every morning for six days per week Nutritional supplements recommended by some doctors for prevention and treatment of periodontitis include vitamin C (people with periodontitis are often found to be deficient),¹⁴⁵vitamin E, selenium, zinc, coenzyme Q10, and folic acid.¹⁴⁶ Folic acid has also been shown to reduce the severity of gingivitis when taken as a mouthwash.¹⁴⁷
Hepatitis	100 mg per	[1 star] In one trial, a combination of alpha lipoic acid, silymarin, and selenium led to significant improvements in liver function and overall health in people with hepatitis C. Learn More
Close Hepatitis 100 mg per A potent antioxidant combination may protect the liver from damage in people with hepatitis C, possibly decreasing the necessity for a liver transplant. In a preliminary trial,¹⁴⁸ three people with liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices (dilated veins in the esophagus that can rupture and cause fatal bleeding) caused by hepatitis C received a combination of Alpha lipoic acid (300 mg twice daily), silymarin (from milk thistle; 300 mg three times daily), and selenium (selenomethionine; 200 mcg twice daily). After five to eight months of therapy that included other “supportive supplements,” such as vitamin C and B vitamins, all three people had significant improvements in their liver function and overall health. Larger clinical trials are needed to confirm these promising preliminary results. Learn More
Hypothyroidism and Selenium Deficiency	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] Selenium plays a role in thyroid hormone metabolism. People who are deficient in selenium may benefit from supplementation. Learn More
Close Hypothyroidism and Selenium Deficiency Selenium plays a role in thyroid hormone metabolism. Severe selenium deficiency has been implicated as a possible cause of goiter.¹⁴⁹ Two months of selenium supplementation in people who were deficient in both selenium and iodine was shown to induce a dramatic fall of the already impaired thyroid function in clinically hypothyroid subjects.¹⁵⁰ Researchers have suggested that people who are deficient in both selenium and iodine should not take selenium supplements without first receiving iodine or thyroid hormone supplementation.¹⁵¹ There is no research demonstrating that selenium supplementation helps people with hypothyroidism who are not selenium-deficient.
Liver Cirrhosis	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] People with liver cirrhosis often have low selenium levels and a greater need for antioxidants. In one study, selenium improved liver function in people with alcoholic cirrhosis. Learn More
Close Liver Cirrhosis Selenium levels have been found to be low in people with liver cirrhosis¹⁵² and the need for antioxidants has been found to be increased.¹⁵³ A small, preliminary trial suggested that 100 mcg per day of selenium may improve liver function in people with alcoholic cirrhosis.¹⁵⁴ Larger, double-blind trials of selenium in people with liver cirrhosis are needed. Learn More
Macular Degeneration	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] Sunlight triggers oxidative damage in the eye, which can cause macular degeneration. Selenium protects against oxidative damage and may reduce macular degeneration risk. Learn More
Close Macular Degeneration Sunlight triggers oxidative damage in the eye, which in turn can cause macular degeneration.¹⁵⁵ Animals given antioxidants—which protect against oxidative damage—have a lower risk of this vision problem.¹⁵⁶ People with high blood levels of antioxidants also have a lower risk.¹⁵⁷ Those with the highest levels (top 20th percentile) of the antioxidants selenium, vitamin C, and vitamin E may have a 70% lower risk of developing macular degeneration, compared with people with the lowest levels of these nutrients (bottom 20th percentile).¹⁵⁸ People who eat fruits and vegetables high in beta-carotene, another antioxidant, are also at low risk.¹⁵⁹ Some doctors recommend antioxidant supplements to reduce the risk of macular degeneration; reasonable adult levels include 200 mcg of selenium, 1,000 mg of vitamin C, 400 IU of vitamin E, and 25,000 IU of natural beta-carotene per day. However, a preliminary study found no association between age-related macular degeneration and intake of antioxidants, either from the diet, from supplements, or from both combined.¹⁶⁰ Moreover, in a double-blind study of male cigarette smokers, supplementing with vitamin E (50 IU per day), synthetic beta-carotene (about 33,000 IU per day), or both did not reduce the incidence of age-related macular degeneration.¹⁶¹ Learn More
Pre- and Post-Surgery Health	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] Selenium has an important role in immune function and infection prevention, and supplementing with it may correct a postoperative selenium deficiency. Learn More
Close Pre- and Post-Surgery Health Selenium is a mineral nutrient with an important role in immune function and infection prevention,¹⁶²^{, 163}^{, 164} and selenium deficiency has been reported in patients after intestinal surgery.¹⁶⁵ A controlled trial of critically ill patients, including some with recent major surgery, found that those receiving daily intravenous selenium injections for three weeks showed less biochemical signs of body stress compared with unsupplemented patients. The amount used in this trial was 500 mcg twice daily for the first week, 500 mcg once daily for the second week, and 100 mcg three times daily for the third week.¹⁶⁶ Learn More
Type 1 Diabetes (Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E)	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] A combination of the antioxidants selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E has been shown to improve diabetic retinopathy. Learn More
Close Type 1 Diabetes Because oxidation damage is believed to play a role in the development of diabetic eye damage (retinopathy), antioxidant nutrients might be protective. One doctor has administered a daily regimen of 500 mcg selenium, 800 IU vitamin E, 10,000 IU vitamin A, and 1,000 mg vitamin C for several years to 20 people with diabetic eye damage (retinopathy). During that time, 19 of the 20 people showed either improvement or no progression of their retinopathy.¹⁶⁷ People who wish to supplement with more than 250 mcg of selenium per day should consult a healthcare practitioner. Learn More
Type 1 Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy (Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E)	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] Antioxidant nutrients including selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E may combat free radicals associated with diabetic retinopathy. Learn More
Close Type 1 Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy Because oxidation damage is believed to play a role in the development of diabetic eye damage (retinopathy), antioxidant nutrients might be protective. One doctor has administered a daily regimen of 500 mcg selenium, 800 IU vitamin E, 10,000 IU vitamin A, and 1,000 mg vitamin C for several years to 20 people with diabetic eye damage (retinopathy). During that time, 19 of the 20 people showed either improvement or no progression of their retinopathy.¹⁶⁸ People who wish to supplement with more than 250 mcg of selenium per day should consult a healthcare practitioner.
Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Neuropathy (Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E)	Refer to label instructions	[1 star] A combination of the antioxidants selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E has been shown to improve diabetic retinopathy. Learn More
Close Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Neuropathy Because oxidation damage is believed to play a role in the development of diabetic retinopathy, antioxidant nutrients might be protective. One doctor has administered a daily regimen of 500 mcg selenium, 800 IU vitamin E, 10,000 IU vitamin A, and 1,000 mg vitamin C for several years to 20 people with diabetic retinopathy. During that time, 19 of the 20 people showed either improvement or no progression of their retinopathy.¹⁶⁹ People who wish to supplement with more than 250 mcg of selenium per day should consult a healthcare practitioner.
Anti-Aging (Vitamin C, Vitamin E)	Refer to label instructions

References

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23. Knekt P, Marniemi J, Teppo L, et al. Is low selenium status a risk factor for lung cancer? Am J Epidemiol 148:975–82.

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28. Yu B, Wang M, Li D. Chung Hua Wai Ko Tsa Chih 1996;34:50–3.

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64. Toma S, Micheletti A, Giacchero A, et al. Selenium therapy in patients with precancerous and malignant oral cavity lesions: preliminary results. Cancer Detection Prev 1991;15:491–3.

65. Willett WC, Polk BF, Morris JS, et al. Prediagnostic serum Selenium and risk of cancer. Lancet 1983;42:130–4.

66. Helzlsouer KJ, Comstock GW, Morris JS. Selenium, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, ß-carotene, retinol, and subsequent bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1989;49:6144–8.

67. Jaskiewicz K, Marasas WF, Rossouw JE, et al. Selenium and other mineral elements in populations at risk for esophageal cancer. Cancer 1988;62:2635–9.

68. Knekt P, Aromaa A, Maatela J, et al. Serum selenium and subsequent risk of cancer among Finnish men and women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:864–8.

69. Yu M-W, Horng I-S, Hsu K-H, et al. Plasma selenium levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among men with chronic hepatitis virus infection. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:367–74.

70. Scieszka M, Danch A, Machalski M, Drozdz M. Plasma selenium concentration in patients with stomach and colon cancer in the Upper Silesia. Neoplasma 1997;44:395–7.

71. Knekt P, Marniemi J, Teppo L, et al. Is low selenium status a risk factor for lung cancer? Am J Epidemiol 148:975–82.

72. Fex G, Pettersson B, Akesson B. Low plasma selenium as a risk factor for cancer death in middle-aged men. Nutr Cancer 1987;10:221–9.

73. Salonen J, Salonen R, Lappetelainen R, et al. Risk of cancer in relation to serum concentrations of selenium and vitamins A and E; matched case-control analysis of prospective data. BMJ 1985;290:417–20.

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92. Medina D, Morrison DG. Current ideas on selenium as a chemopreventative agent. Pathol Immunopathol Res 1988;7:187–99.

93. Shamberger RJ, Rukoven E, Lonfield AK, et al. Antioxidants and cancer. I. Selenium in the blood of normals and cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973;4:863–70.

94. Willett WC, Polk BF, Morris JS, et al. Prediagnostic serum Selenium and risk of cancer. Lancet 1983;42:130–4.

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Now Foods Selenium 200 mcg Yeast-Free ~~$18.99~~ $10.25		"Ótimo produto! Um mineral essencial, bastante importante para o nosso organismo! Segundo especialistas, um modelador do sistema imunológico! Utilizo como suplemento de ação preventiva contra o câncer, para combater radicais livres, para aumentar a imunidade, para regular o sistema endócrino, associado ao consumo de lugol 5%, para perda de peso, a..."
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Now Foods Selenium ~~$9.99~~ $5.39		"Produto excelente para quem sofre de problema de hipotireoidismo, pois auxilia na conversão do hormônio t4 para o t3, dessa forma, lhe dando mais desempenho e ânimo para enfrentar os problemas diários...."
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Now Foods Selenium 100 mcg Yeast-Free ~~$6.99~~ $3.77		"Como suplemento lugol (Iodo), a Selênio é bem importante para ajudar no processo de desintoxicação e para minimizar os efeitos detox do Lugol! ..."
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Encyclopedia

Related Topics

Selenium has been used in connection with the following health conditions:

Asthma

Atherosclerosis

Colon Cancer

Depression

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

Edema

Heart Attack

HIV and AIDS Support

Immune Function and Elderly People

Infection and Elderly People

Infections in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Lung Cancer

Male Infertility

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Phenylketonuria and Selenium Deficiency

Prostate Cancer

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abnormal Pap Smear

Asthma

Cardiac Arrhythmia

Cardiomyopathy and Keshan's Cardiomyopathy

Childhood Diseases

Down’s Syndrome

Halitosis and Gum Disease

Hepatitis

Hypothyroidism and Selenium Deficiency

Liver Cirrhosis

Macular Degeneration

Pre- and Post-Surgery Health

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy

Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Neuropathy